ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the modulatory properties of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) (C. officinalis) extract on cafeteria diet-fed rats. Methods: A cafeteria diet was administered ad libitum for 45 days to induce dyslipidemia. Then, the rats were treated with the formulations containing C. officinalis in the doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg or only with the vehicle formulation; the control group received a commercial ration. Results: The cafeteria diet decreased glutathione S-transferase activity and high-density lipoprotein plasmatic levels and damaged the hepatic architecture. The C. officinalis extract was able to reduce lipid infiltration in liver tissue and to modulate oxidative stress and lipid profile markers. Conclusions: The correlations between the variables suggest a pathological connection between oxidative stress markers and serum lipid profile.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe vacancy regulation process by adding, describing the panorama of the General Surgery Residency Program (PRMCG) and the Basic Surgical Prerequisites Program (PRACB). Method: descriptive, quali-quantitative, cross sectional study conducted from document analysis from National Commission of Medical Residency (CNRM). Results: in 2018, after evaluation of the General Surgery Services for adequacy of the number of vacancies (DS), the PRACB was instituted as a modality of access to surgical specialties until definitive change in the time of the formation of the general surgeon for three years, in 2022. In the first addition of vacancies in 2018, 127 PRMCG were authorized with 736 vacancies of R1 and 290 PRACB (2 years) with 1.286 vacancies offered for R1. In the second addition in 2021, 423 PRM were authorized with 1.564 R1 vacancies in PRMCG. Discussion: the regulation of the offer of vacancies for the formation of specialties in Brazil should align the evaluation of practice scenarios with the profile of skills. The PRACB modality was instituted for a certain time for budgetary preparation and practice scenarios until the complete transition to training in 3 years. Conclusion: Brazil by 2018 was the only country to grant the Board Certification to General Surgeon with only 2 years of training. After a transitional period the same analysis methodology for adding and regulating vacancies was applied to services.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o contexto do processo de construção e implantação da Matriz de Competências da Cirurgia Geral com tempo de formação em 3 anos e o processo sobre a regulação de vagas, por aditamento, descrevendo o panorama dos Programas de Residência Médica em Cirurgia Geral (PRMCG) e do Programa de Pré-Requisito em área cirúrgica básica (PRACB). Método: estudo descritivo, quanti-qualitativo, transversal, realizado a partir da análise documental das atas, súmulas, nota técnica, resoluções e atos autorizativos da Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica (CNRM), bem como do Diagnóstico Situacional (DS), considerando a matriz de competências da especialidade em sua implementação, por meio de dados coletados no Sistema da Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica (SisCNRM), no portal eletrônico do Ministério da Educação (MEC). Resultado: em 2018, após metodologia de avaliação dos serviços para adequação do número de vagas (DS), foi instituído o PRACB como uma modalidade de acesso às especialidades cirúrgicas e de adaptação dos serviços formadores, até mudança definitiva no tempo de formação do Cirurgião Geral, para três anos, em 2022. No primeiro aditamento de vagas, em 2018, foram autorizados 127 PRMCG (3 anos) com 736 vagas de R1 e 290 pracb (2 anos) com 1286 vagas ofertadas para R1. No segundo aditamento, em 2021, foram autorizados 423 PRM com 1564 vagas de R1 em PRMCG. Atualmente 2495 médicos residentes estão em curso nos PRMCG e 50 (R2) estão concluindo o pracb. A maior concentração de PRM e médicos residentes encontra-se no Estado de São Paulo, em oposição a Região Norte. Discussão: a regulação da oferta de vagas para a formação de especialistas no Brasil deve alinhar a avaliação dos cenários de prática ao perfil das competências para a Especialidade como as necessidades de médicos especialistas indicada pelo perfil socioepidemiológico da população. Contudo, as instituições devem possuir estrutura compatível para a aquisição de competências necessárias ao especialista e dotação orçamentária para o financiamento do processo. A modalidade PRACB foi instituída por tempo determinado para a preparação orçamentária e dos cenários de prática, até a transição completa para a formação em 3 anos, possibilitando ao médico residente, enquanto vigente, acesso às especialidades cirúrgicas. Conclusão: O Brasil até 2018 era o único país a conceder o Título de Especialista em Cirurgia Geral com um tempo exíguo de treinamento - 2 anos. Após um período de transição, a mesma metodologia de análise para aditamento e regulação da oferta de vagas foi aplicada aos serviços. A partir de 2023, o PRMCG com duração de 3 anos, será a modalidade de formação que confere o título de especialista em Cirurgião Geral pela CNRM, promovendo qualificação profissional para assistência e cenários de prática compatíveis com a aquisição de competências. .

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Determinar se existem diferenças significativas entre os métodos de ensino tutorial, simulação ou discussão de casos clínicos relativos à transmissão de conhecimentos médicos sobre ventilação mecânica. MÉTODOS: Um ensaio clínico randomizado, multicêntrico, aberto e controlado foi realizado usando três métodos de ensino em ventilação mecânica: discussão baseada em casos clínicos, simulação e tutorial on-line. Alunos voluntários do sexto ano de medicina de 11 faculdades responderam a um questionário validado abordando o conhecimento sobre ventilação mecânica para estudantes de medicina antes, imediatamente após e seis meses depois do treinamento presencial, composto por 20 questões de múltipla escolha e cinco questões sobre perfil demográfico dos participantes. RESULTADOS: Imediatamente após o teste, não houve diferença entre as pontuações nos grupos de simulação e caso clínico [15,06 vs 14,63], ao passo que, após algum tempo, houve uma diferença significativa na retenção entre o baseado em caso e a simulação grupos, com a pontuação no grupo simulação 1,46 [1,31; 1,64] vez maior que a pontuação do grupo caso (p-valor <0,001). Na análise multivariada, um indivíduo que recebeu mais de quatro horas de informação apresentou aumento de 20,0% [09,0%; 33,0%] no escore (p-valor=0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados indicam que, em comparação com outras formas de treinamento, a simulação em ventilação mecânica proporciona um conhecimento duradouro a médio prazo. Mais estudos são necessários para melhorar o desenho e a avaliação do treinamento que forneça habilidades mínimas de ventilação mecânica.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine if there are significant differences between the tutorial, simulation, or clinical-case-based discussion teaching methods regarding the transmission of medical knowledge on mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A randomized, multicenter, open-label controlled trial was carried out using 3 teaching methods on mechanical ventilation: clinical-case-based discussion, simulation, and online tutorial. Voluntary students of the sixth year of medical school from 11 medical colleges answered a validated questionnaire on knowledge about mechanical ventilation for medical students before, immediately after, and 6 months after in-person training consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions, and 5 questions about the participants' demographic profile. RESULTS: Immediately after the test there was no difference between the scores in the simulation and clinical case groups,[15,06 vs 14,63] whereas, after some time, there was a significant difference in retention between the case-based and simulation groups, with the score in the simulation group 1.46 [1.31; 1.64] times higher than the score of the case group (p-value < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, an individual who had received more than 4 hours of information showed an increase of 20.0% [09.0%; 33.0%] in the score (p-value = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that, in comparison with other forms of training, simulation in mechanical ventilation provides long-lasting knowledge in the medium term. Further studies are needed to improve the designing and evaluation of training that provides minimal mechanical ventilation skills.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a questionnaire to assess the knowledge of mechanical ventilation among final-year medical students in Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted between October 2015 and October 2017 involving 554 medical students was carried out to develop a questionnaire for assessing knowledge on mechanical ventilation. Reproducibility was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient, internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach’s alpha, and construct validation was evaluated with a tetrachoric exploratory factor analysis. To compare the means of the competences among the same type of assessment tool, the nonparametric Friedman test was used, and the identification of the differences was obtained with Dunn-Bonferroni tests. RESULTS: The final version of the questionnaire contained 19 questions. The instrument presented a clarity index of 8.94±0.83. The value of the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.929, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.831. The factor analysis revealed five factors associated with knowledge areas regarding mechanical ventilation. The final score among participants was 24.05%. CONCLUSION: The instrument has a satisfactory clarity index and adequate psychometric properties and can be used to assess the knowledge of mechanical ventilation among final-year medical students in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To present self-assessments of knowledge about mechanical ventilation made by final-year medical students, residents, and physicians taking qualifying courses at the Brazilian Society of Internal Medicine who work in urgent and emergency settings. METHODS: A 34-item questionnaire comprising different areas of knowledge and training in mechanical ventilation was given to 806 medical students, residents, and participants in qualifying courses at 11 medical schools in Brazil. The questionnaire’s self-assessment items for knowledge were transformed into scores. RESULTS: The average score among all participants was 21% (0-100%). Of the total, 85% respondents felt they did not receive sufficient information about mechanical ventilation during medical training. Additionally, 77% of the group reported that they would not know when to start noninvasive ventilation in a patient, and 81%, 81%, and 89% would not know how to start volume control, pressure control and pressure support ventilation modes, respectively. Furthermore, 86.4% and 94% of the participants believed they would not identify the basic principles of mechanical ventilation in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome, respectively, and would feel insecure beginning ventilation. Finally, 77% said they would fear for the safety of a patient requiring invasive mechanical ventilation under their care. CONCLUSION: Self-assessment of knowledge and self-perception of safety for managing mechanical ventilation were deficient among residents, students and emergency physicians from a sample in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of physicians working at the Prehospital Emergency Medical System (SAMU) in Brazil and to evaluate their quality of life. METHODS: Both a semi-structured questionnaire with 57 questions and the SF-36 questionnaire were sent to research departments within SAMU in the Brazilian state capitals, the Federal District and inland towns in Brazil. RESULTS: Of a total of 902 physicians, including 644 (71.4%) males, 533 (59.1%) were between 30 and 45 years of age and 562 (62.4%) worked in a state capital. Regarding education level, 45.1% had graduated less than five years before and only 43% were specialists recognized by the Brazilian Medical Association. Regarding training, 95% did not report any specific training for their work at SAMU. The main weaknesses identified were psychiatric care and surgical emergencies in 57.2 and 42.9% of cases, respectively; traumatic pediatric emergencies, 48.9%; and medical emergencies, 42.9%. As for procedure-related skills, the physicians reported difficulties in pediatric advanced support (62.4%), airway surgical access (45.6%), pericardiocentesis (64.4%) and thoracentesis (29.9%). Difficulties in using an artificial ventilator (43.3%) and in transcutaneous pacing (42.2%) were also reported. Higher percentages of young physicians, aged 25-30 years (26.7 vs 19.0%; p<0.01), worked exclusively in prehospital care (18.0 vs 7.7%; p<0.001), with workloads >48 h per week (12.8 vs 8.6%; p<0.001), and were non-specialists with the shortest length of service (<1 year) at SAMU (30.1 vs 18.2%; p<0.001) who were hired without having to pass public service exams* (i.e., for a temporary job) (61.8 vs 46.2%; p<0.001). Regarding quality of life, the pain domain yielded the worst result among physicians at SAMU. CONCLUSIONS: The doctors in this sample were young and within a few years of graduation, and they had no specific training in prehospital emergencies. Deficiencies were mostly found in pediatrics and psychiatry, with specific deficiencies in the handling of essential equipment and in the skills necessary to adequately attend to prehospital emergencies. A disrespectful labor scenario was also found; the evaluation of quality of life showed a notable presence of pain on the SF-36 among physicians at SAMU and especially among doctors who had worked for a longer length of time at SAMU.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a relevância da avaliação pré-operatória na prevenção de eventos clínicos adversos per e pós-operatórios na cirurgia de catarata. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 1.254 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de catarata no Instituto da Catarata do Departamento Oftalmologia UNIFESP-EPM, no período de jan-dez 2004. Dados referentes à avaliação pré-operatória e à ocorrência de eventos clínicos adversos relacionados ao procedimento anestésico/cirúrgico foram retrospectivamente coletados. RESULTADOS: Dezesseis pacientes (1,2%) apresentaram evento clínico adverso. Novecentos e trinta e seis pacientes (74,6%) apresentaram pelo menos um exame alterado, porém este fator não mostrou associação com a ocorrência de evento clínico adverso (p=0,334). CONCLUSÃO: Na série estudada a alteração de exames laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma e/ou radiografia de tórax não se correlacionou com a ocorrência de eventos clínicos adversos relacionados ao procedimento anestésico/cirúrgico.

PURPOSE: Analysis of the relevance of preoperative evaluation to prevent adverse clinical events, pre- and postoperative, on cataract surgery. METHODS: The study includes 1254 patients submitted to cataract surgery at the Instituto da Catarata do Departamento de Oftalmologia da UNIFESP - EPM, in the period of Jan - Dec 2004. Data referring to the preoperative evaluation and adverse clinical events related to anesthesia/surgical procedure were retrospectively collected. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (1.2%) showed an adverse clinical event. Nine hundred thirty-six patients (74.6%) showed at least one altered examination. This factor, nevertheless, did not show any relation to the adverse clinical event (p=0.334). CONCLUSION: Concerning the studied series, the altered laboratory tests, electrocardiogram and/or thorax x-ray has no correlation with the adverse clinical events related to the anesthesia/surgical procedure.